PEP 501 – General purpose string interpolation

PEP: 501
Title: General purpose string interpolation
Author: Nick Coghlan <ncoghlan at gmail.com>
Status: Deferred
Type: Standards Track
Requires: 498
Created: 08-Aug-2015
Python-Version: 3.6
Post-History: 08-Aug-2015, 23-Aug-2015, 30-Aug-2015

Abstract

PEP 498 proposes new syntactic support for string interpolation that is transparent to the compiler, allow name references from the interpolation operation full access to containing namespaces (as with any other expression), rather than being limited to explicit name references. These are referred to in the PEP as “f-strings” (a mnemonic for “formatted strings”).

However, it only offers this capability for string formatting, making it likely we will see code like the following:

os.system(f"echo {message_from_user}")

This kind of code is superficially elegant, but poses a significant problem if the interpolated value message_from_user is in fact provided by an untrusted user: it’s an opening for a form of code injection attack, where the supplied user data has not been properly escaped before being passed to the os.system call.

To address that problem (and a number of other concerns), this PEP proposes the complementary introduction of “i-strings” (a mnemonic for “interpolation template strings”), where f"Message with {data}" would produce the same result as format(i"Message with {data}").

Some possible examples of the proposed syntax:

mycommand = sh(i"cat {filename}")
myquery = sql(i"SELECT {column} FROM {table};")
myresponse = html(i"<html><body>{response.body}</body></html>")
logging.debug(i"Message with {detailed} {debugging} {info}")

PEP Deferral

This PEP is currently deferred pending further experience with PEP 498’s simpler approach of only supporting eager rendering without the additional complexity of also supporting deferred rendering.

Summary of differences from PEP 498

The key additions this proposal makes relative to PEP 498:

the “i” (interpolation template) prefix indicates delayed rendering, but otherwise uses the same syntax and semantics as formatted strings
interpolation templates are available at runtime as a new kind of object (types.InterpolationTemplate)
the default rendering used by formatted strings is invoked on an interpolation template object by calling format(template) rather than implicitly
while f-string f"Message {here}" would be semantically equivalent to format(i"Message {here}"), it is expected that the explicit syntax would avoid the runtime overhead of using the delayed rendering machinery

NOTE: This proposal spells out a draft API for types.InterpolationTemplate. The precise details of the structures and methods exposed by this type would be informed by the reference implementation of PEP 498, so it makes sense to gain experience with that as an internal API before locking down a public API (if this extension proposal is accepted).

Proposal

This PEP proposes the introduction of a new string prefix that declares the string to be an interpolation template rather than an ordinary string:

template = i"Substitute {names} and {expressions()} at runtime"

This would be effectively interpreted as:

_raw_template = "Substitute {names} and {expressions()} at runtime"
_parsed_template = (
    ("Substitute ", "names"),
    (" and ", "expressions()"),
    (" at runtime", None),
)
_field_values = (names, expressions())
_format_specifiers = (f"", f"")
template = types.InterpolationTemplate(_raw_template,
                                       _parsed_template,
                                       _field_values,
                                       _format_specifiers)

The __format__ method on types.InterpolationTemplate would then implement the following str.format inspired semantics:

>>> import datetime
>>> name = 'Jane'
>>> age = 50
>>> anniversary = datetime.date(1991, 10, 12)
>>> format(i'My name is {name}, my age next year is {age+1}, my anniversary is {anniversary:%A, %B %d, %Y}.')
'My name is Jane, my age next year is 51, my anniversary is Saturday, October 12, 1991.'
>>> format(i'She said her name is {repr(name)}.')
"She said her name is 'Jane'."

As with formatted strings, the interpolation template prefix can be combined with single-quoted, double-quoted and triple quoted strings, including raw strings. It does not support combination with bytes literals.

Similarly, this PEP does not propose to remove or deprecate any of the existing string formatting mechanisms, as those will remain valuable when formatting strings that are not present directly in the source code of the application.

Rationale

PEP 498 makes interpolating values into strings with full access to Python’s lexical namespace semantics simpler, but it does so at the cost of creating a situation where interpolating values into sensitive targets like SQL queries, shell commands and HTML templates will enjoy a much cleaner syntax when handled without regard for code injection attacks than when they are handled correctly.

This PEP proposes to provide the option of delaying the actual rendering of an interpolation template to its __format__ method, allowing the use of other template renderers by passing the template around as a first class object.

While very different in the technical details, the types.InterpolationTemplate interface proposed in this PEP is conceptually quite similar to the FormattableString type underlying the native interpolation support introduced in C# 6.0.

Specification

This PEP proposes the introduction of i as a new string prefix that results in the creation of an instance of a new type, types.InterpolationTemplate.

Interpolation template literals are Unicode strings (bytes literals are not permitted), and string literal concatenation operates as normal, with the entire combined literal forming the interpolation template.

The template string is parsed into literals, expressions and format specifiers as described for f-strings in PEP 498. Conversion specifiers are handled by the compiler, and appear as part of the field text in interpolation templates.

However, rather than being rendered directly into a formatted strings, these components are instead organised into an instance of a new type with the following semantics:

class InterpolationTemplate:
    __slots__ = ("raw_template", "parsed_template",
                 "field_values", "format_specifiers")

    def __new__(cls, raw_template, parsed_template,
                     field_values, format_specifiers):
        self = super().__new__(cls)
        self.raw_template = raw_template
        self.parsed_template = parsed_template
        self.field_values = field_values
        self.format_specifiers = format_specifiers
        return self

    def __repr__(self):
        return (f"<{type(self).__qualname__} {repr(self._raw_template)} "
                f"at {id(self):#x}>")

    def __format__(self, format_specifier):
        # When formatted, render to a string, and use string formatting
        return format(self.render(), format_specifier)

    def render(self, *, render_template=''.join,
                        render_field=format):
        # See definition of the template rendering semantics below

The result of an interpolation template expression is an instance of this type, rather than an already rendered string - rendering only takes place when the instance’s render method is called (either directly, or indirectly via __format__).

The compiler will pass the following details to the interpolation template for later use:

a string containing the raw template as written in the source code
a parsed template tuple that allows the renderer to render the template without needing to reparse the raw string template for substitution fields
a tuple containing the evaluated field values, in field substitution order
a tuple containing the field format specifiers, in field substitution order

This structure is designed to take full advantage of compile time constant folding by ensuring the parsed template is always constant, even when the field values and format specifiers include variable substitution expressions.

The raw template is just the interpolation template as a string. By default, it is used to provide a human readable representation for the interpolation template.

The parsed template consists of a tuple of 2-tuples, with each 2-tuple containing the following fields:

leading_text: a leading string literal. This will be the empty string if the current field is at the start of the string, or immediately follows the preceding field.
field_expr: the text of the expression element in the substitution field. This will be None for a final trailing text segment.

The tuple of evaluated field values holds the results of evaluating the substitution expressions in the scope where the interpolation template appears.

The tuple of field specifiers holds the results of evaluating the field specifiers as f-strings in the scope where the interpolation template appears.

The InterpolationTemplate.render implementation then defines the rendering process in terms of the following renderers:

an overall render_template operation that defines how the sequence of literal template sections and rendered fields are composed into a fully rendered result. The default template renderer is string concatenation using ''.join.
a per field render_field operation that receives the field value and format specifier for substitution fields within the template. The default field renderer is the format builtin.

Given an appropriate parsed template representation and internal methods of iterating over it, the semantics of template rendering would then be equivalent to the following:

def render(self, *, render_template=''.join,
                    render_field=format):
    iter_fields = enumerate(self.parsed_template)
    values = self.field_values
    specifiers = self.format_specifiers
    template_parts = []
    for field_pos, (leading_text, field_expr) in iter_fields:
        template_parts.append(leading_text)
        if field_expr is not None:
            value = values[field_pos]
            specifier = specifiers[field_pos]
            rendered_field = render_field(value, specifier)
            template_parts.append(rendered_field)
    return render_template(template_parts)

Conversion specifiers

NOTE:

Appropriate handling of conversion specifiers is currently an open question. Exposing them more directly to custom renderers would increase the complexity of the InterpolationTemplate definition without providing an increase in expressiveness (since they’re redundant with calling the builtins directly). At the same time, they are made available as arbitrary strings when writing custom string.Formatter implementations, so it may be desirable to offer similar levels of flexibility of interpretation in interpolation templates.

The !a, !r and !s conversion specifiers supported by str.format and hence PEP 498 are handled in interpolation templates as follows:

they’re included unmodified in the raw template to ensure no information is lost
they’re replaced in the parsed template with the corresponding builtin calls, in order to ensure that field_expr always contains a valid Python expression
the corresponding field value placed in the field values tuple is converted appropriately before being passed to the interpolation template

This means that, for most purposes, the difference between the use of conversion specifiers and calling the corresponding builtins in the original interpolation template will be transparent to custom renderers. The difference will only be apparent if reparsing the raw template, or attempting to reconstruct the original template from the parsed template.

Writing custom renderers

Writing a custom renderer doesn’t requiring any special syntax. Instead, custom renderers are ordinary callables that process an interpolation template directly either by calling the render() method with alternate render_template or render_field implementations, or by accessing the template’s data attributes directly.

For example, the following function would render a template using objects’ repr implementations rather than their native formatting support:

def reprformat(template):
    def render_field(value, specifier):
        return format(repr(value), specifier)
    return template.render(render_field=render_field)

When writing custom renderers, note that the return type of the overall rendering operation is determined by the return type of the passed in render_template callable. While this is expected to be a string in most cases, producing non-string objects is permitted. For example, a custom template renderer could involve an sqlalchemy.sql.text call that produces an SQL Alchemy query object.

Non-strings may also be returned from render_field, as long as it is paired with a render_template implementation that expects that behaviour.

Expression evaluation

As with f-strings, the subexpressions that are extracted from the interpolation template are evaluated in the context where the interpolation template appears. This means the expression has full access to local, nonlocal and global variables. Any valid Python expression can be used inside {}, including function and method calls.

Because the substitution expressions are evaluated where the string appears in the source code, there are no additional security concerns related to the contents of the expression itself, as you could have also just written the same expression and used runtime field parsing:

>>> bar=10
>>> def foo(data):
...   return data + 20
...
>>> str(i'input={bar}, output={foo(bar)}')
'input=10, output=30'

Is essentially equivalent to:

>>> 'input={}, output={}'.format(bar, foo(bar))
'input=10, output=30'

Handling code injection attacks

The PEP 498 formatted string syntax makes it potentially attractive to write code like the following:

runquery(f"SELECT {column} FROM {table};")
runcommand(f"cat {filename}")
return_response(f"<html><body>{response.body}</body></html>")

These all represent potential vectors for code injection attacks, if any of the variables being interpolated happen to come from an untrusted source. The specific proposal in this PEP is designed to make it straightforward to write use case specific renderers that take care of quoting interpolated values appropriately for the relevant security context:

runquery(sql(i"SELECT {column} FROM {table};"))
runcommand(sh(i"cat {filename}"))
return_response(html(i"<html><body>{response.body}</body></html>"))

This PEP does not cover adding such renderers to the standard library immediately, but rather proposes to ensure that they can be readily provided by third party libraries, and potentially incorporated into the standard library at a later date.

For example, a renderer that aimed to offer a POSIX shell style experience for accessing external programs, without the significant risks posed by running os.system or enabling the system shell when using the subprocess module APIs, might provide an interface for running external programs similar to that offered by the Julia programming language, only with the backtick based \`cat $filename\` syntax replaced by i"cat {filename}" style interpolation templates.

Format specifiers

Aside from separating them out from the substitution expression during parsing, format specifiers are otherwise treated as opaque strings by the interpolation template parser - assigning semantics to those (or, alternatively, prohibiting their use) is handled at runtime by the field renderer.

Error handling

Either compile time or run time errors can occur when processing interpolation expressions. Compile time errors are limited to those errors that can be detected when parsing a template string into its component tuples. These errors all raise SyntaxError.

Unmatched braces:

>>> i'x={x'
  File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: missing '}' in interpolation expression

Invalid expressions:

>>> i'x={!x}'
  File "<fstring>", line 1
    !x
    ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

Run time errors occur when evaluating the expressions inside a template string before creating the interpolation template object. See PEP 498 for some examples.

Different renderers may also impose additional runtime constraints on acceptable interpolated expressions and other formatting details, which will be reported as runtime exceptions.

Possible integration with the logging module

One of the challenges with the logging module has been that we have previously been unable to devise a reasonable migration strategy away from the use of printf-style formatting. The runtime parsing and interpolation overhead for logging messages also poses a problem for extensive logging of runtime events for monitoring purposes.

While beyond the scope of this initial PEP, interpolation template support could potentially be added to the logging module’s event reporting APIs, permitting relevant details to be captured using forms like:

logging.debug(i"Event: {event}; Details: {data}")
logging.critical(i"Error: {error}; Details: {data}")

Rather than the current mod-formatting style:

logging.debug("Event: %s; Details: %s", event, data)
logging.critical("Error: %s; Details: %s", event, data)

As the interpolation template is passed in as an ordinary argument, other keyword arguments would also remain available:

logging.critical(i"Error: {error}; Details: {data}", exc_info=True)

As part of any such integration, a recommended approach would need to be defined for “lazy evaluation” of interpolated fields, as the logging module’s existing delayed interpolation support provides access to various attributes of the event LogRecord instance.

For example, since interpolation expressions are arbitrary Python expressions, string literals could be used to indicate cases where evaluation itself is being deferred, not just rendering:

logging.debug(i"Logger: {'record.name'}; Event: {event}; Details: {data}")

This could be further extended with idioms like using inline tuples to indicate deferred function calls to be made only if the log message is actually going to be rendered at current logging levels:

logging.debug(i"Event: {event}; Details: {expensive_call, raw_data}")

This kind of approach would be possible as having access to the actual text of the field expression would allow the logging renderer to distinguish between inline tuples that appear in the field expression itself, and tuples that happen to be passed in as data values in a normal field.

Discussion

Refer to PEP 498 for additional discussion, as several of the points there also apply to this PEP.

Deferring support for binary interpolation

Supporting binary interpolation with this syntax would be relatively straightforward (the elements in the parsed fields tuple would just be byte strings rather than text strings, and the default renderer would be markedly less useful), but poses a significant likelihood of producing confusing type errors when a text renderer was presented with binary input.

Since the proposed syntax is useful without binary interpolation support, and such support can be readily added later, further consideration of binary interpolation is considered out of scope for the current PEP.

Interoperability with str-only interfaces

For interoperability with interfaces that only accept strings, interpolation templates can still be prerendered with format, rather than delegating the rendering to the called function.

This reflects the key difference from PEP 498, which always eagerly applies the default rendering, without any way to delegate the choice of renderer to another section of the code.

Preserving the raw template string

Earlier versions of this PEP failed to make the raw template string available on the interpolation template. Retaining it makes it possible to provide a more attractive template representation, as well as providing the ability to precisely reconstruct the original string, including both the expression text and the details of any eagerly rendered substitution fields in format specifiers.

Creating a rich object rather than a global name lookup

Earlier versions of this PEP used an __interpolate__ builtin, rather than a creating a new kind of object for later consumption by interpolation functions. Creating a rich descriptive object with a useful default renderer made it much easier to support customisation of the semantics of interpolation.

Building atop PEP 498, rather than competing with it

Earlier versions of this PEP attempted to serve as a complete substitute for PEP 498, rather than building a more flexible delayed rendering capability on top of PEP 498’s eager rendering.

Assuming the presence of f-strings as a supporting capability simplified a number of aspects of the proposal in this PEP (such as how to handle substitution fields in format specifiers)

Deferring consideration of possible use in i18n use cases

The initial motivating use case for this PEP was providing a cleaner syntax for i18n translation, as that requires access to the original unmodified template. As such, it focused on compatibility with the substitution syntax used in Python’s string.Template formatting and Mozilla’s l20n project.

However, subsequent discussion revealed there are significant additional considerations to be taken into account in the i18n use case, which don’t impact the simpler cases of handling interpolation into security sensitive contexts (like HTML, system shells, and database queries), or producing application debugging messages in the preferred language of the development team (rather than the native language of end users).

Due to the original design of the str.format substitution syntax in PEP 3101 being inspired by C#’s string formatting syntax, the specific field substitution syntax used in PEP 498 is consistent not only with Python’s own str.format syntax, but also with string formatting in C#, including the native “$-string” interpolation syntax introduced in C# 6.0 (released in July 2015). The related IFormattable interface in C# forms the basis of a number of elements of C#’s internationalization and localization support.

This means that while this particular substitution syntax may not currently be widely used for translation of Python applications (losing out to traditional %-formatting and the designed-specifically-for-i18n string.Template formatting), it is a popular translation format in the wider software development ecosystem (since it is already the preferred format for translating C# applications).

Acknowledgements

Eric V. Smith for creating PEP 498 and demonstrating the feasibility of arbitrary expression substitution in string interpolation
Barry Warsaw, Armin Ronacher, and Mike Miller for their contributions to exploring the feasibility of using this model of delayed rendering in i18n use cases (even though the ultimate conclusion was that it was a poor fit, at least for current approaches to i18n in Python)

References

1: %-formatting (https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting)
2: str.format (https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#formatstrings)
3: string.Template documentation (https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#template-strings)
4: PEP 215: String Interpolation (https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0215/)
5: PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions (https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0292/)
6: PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting (https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3101/)
7: PEP 498: Literal string formatting (https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498/)
8: FormattableString and C# native string interpolation (https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn961160.aspx)
9: IFormattable interface in C# (see remarks for globalization notes) (https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.iformattable.aspx)
10: Running external commands in Julia (http://julia.readthedocs.org/en/latest/manual/running-external-programs/)

Copyright

This document has been placed in the public domain.

Source: https://github.com/python/peps/blob/master/pep-0501.txt

Last modified: 2017-11-11 19:28:55 GMT

Python Enhancement Proposals